{"id":1795,"date":"2022-09-08T21:54:07","date_gmt":"2022-09-08T18:54:07","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/solar-schools.org\/how-are-solar-cells-manufactured\/"},"modified":"2025-02-19T16:26:58","modified_gmt":"2025-02-19T13:26:58","slug":"how-are-solar-cells-manufactured","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/solar-schools.org\/de\/how-are-solar-cells-manufactured\/","title":{"rendered":"Wie werden Solarzellen hergestellt?"},"content":{"rendered":"<p>Je nach Halbleitermaterial, Materialdicke oder Kristallstruktur unterscheidet man unterschiedliche Solarzellentypen. Am gebr\u00e4uchlichsten sind Dickschicht-Solarzellen, deren Hauptmaterial Silizium ist. Silizium ist ein weit verbreiteter Rohstoff, der in zahlreichen chemischen Verbindungen vorkommt, vor allem in Silikatmineralien, Sand und Quarz. Die Gewinnung von reinem Silizium ist ein energieintensiver Prozess, da Silizium bereits bei Raumtemperatur mit Sauerstoff reagiert. Auch f\u00fcr die Chipherstellung wird reinstes Silizium ben\u00f6tigt, f\u00fcr sogenanntes \u201eSolarsilizium\u201c reicht allerdings eine etwas geringere Reinheit aus. Siliziumwafer sind das Halbzeug zur Herstellung von Solarzellen.<\/p>\n<p>Der Barren ist ein Zwischenstadium, aus dem die sogenannten Platten hergestellt werden. Man unterscheidet zwischen monokristallinen und polykristallinen Ingots, wobei monokristalline Ingots die teurere Variante darstellen und aus hochreinem Silizium hergestellt werden. Bei der Herstellung von Einkristallbl\u00f6cken wird Silizium in einem Tiegel auf hohe Temperaturen erhitzt und die Schmelze bei rotierendem Tiegel auf St\u00e4be abgelagert. Nach dem Abk\u00fchlen wird das induzierte Kristallwachstum an den St\u00e4ben fortgesetzt und es bildet sich ein zylinderf\u00f6rmiger Einkristall.<\/p>\n<p>Diese Siliziumkristalle werden in d\u00fcnne Platten mit einer Dicke von 0,15 bis 0,25 mm ges\u00e4gt. Aufgrund des Herstellungsverfahrens ist die Kristallstruktur in Einkristallplatten gleichm\u00e4\u00dfig. Bei der Herstellung polykristalliner Ingots wird Silizium in quadratischen Tiegeln erhitzt. Beim Abk\u00fchlen bilden sich anschlie\u00dfend viele kristalline Zonen unterschiedlicher Gr\u00f6\u00dfe und Ausrichtung.<\/p>\n<p>Im n\u00e4chsten Schritt werden die Platten \u201elegiert\u201c. Unter diesem Begriff versteht man das Einbringen von Fremdatomen in das bestehende Siliziumgitter, sodass zwischen den einzelnen Schichten ein Ladungsunterschied entsteht. Um das Sonnenlicht besonders effizient zu nutzen, wird auf die Platte eine Antireflexschicht aus Siliziumnitrid oder Titanoxid aufgebracht. Anschlie\u00dfend werden die Kontakte im Siebdruckverfahren auf die Platten gedruckt und anschlie\u00dfend durch Einbrennen ausgeh\u00e4rtet. Auf der R\u00fcckseite erfolgt die Kontaktierung \u00fcber Silberkontaktpunkte auf einer Aluminiumschicht.<\/p>\n<p>Wasserstoff wird im Produktionsprozess von D\u00fcnnschicht-Solarzellen verwendet. Es reagiert mit Silizium zu Monosilan (SiH4). Diese gasf\u00f6rmige Verbindung verdampft auf dem Tr\u00e4germaterial und zersetzt sich bei niedrigen Temperaturen; Dabei entsteht amorphes, nichtkristallines Silizium. In nachfolgenden Schichten werden elektrisch leitf\u00e4hige Oxide abgeschieden, die als Kontakt dienen. Diese Schichten werden entweder mechanisch oder per Laser strukturiert, so dass einzelne Elemente entstehen.<\/p>\n<p>Monokristalline Solarzellen zeichnen sich durch eine lange Lebensdauer von \u00fcber 20 Jahren aus. Zudem sind sie mit Wirkungsgraden von 14 bis 18 Prozent die effizientesten Solarzellen, die derzeit auf dem Markt erh\u00e4ltlich sind. Allerdings sind sie vergleichsweise teuer und aufw\u00e4ndiger in der Herstellung. Die h\u00f6chste Effizienz (bis zu 30 Prozent) wurde jedoch mit Hilfe von sog. <a href=\"https:\/\/solar-schools.org\/de\/news\/50\/\">tandem solar cells<\/a>. These cells consist of two or more solar cells that are layered on top of each other. This allows light with different wavelengths to be absorbed by the cell. <a href=\"https:\/\/solar-schools.org\/de\/news\/70\/\">Organic solar cells<\/a>, whose special features we have already described in an earlier article, consist of hydrocarbon compounds and are still a relatively new technology with many new potential applications.<\/p>\n<p>Quelle:<\/p>\n<p>Solarenenergie.de:<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/solarenergie.de\/hintergrundwissen\/solarenergie-nutzen\/solarzellen\/solarzellen-herstellung\">https:\/\/solarenergie.de\/hintergrundwissen\/solarenergie-nutzen\/solarzellen\/solarzellen-herstellung<\/a>, accessed: 3\/26\/2022 at 5 p.m.<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/www.energie-experten.org\/erneuerbare-energien\/photovoltaik\/solarmodule\/monokristalline-module\">https:\/\/www.energie-experten.org\/erneuerbare-energien\/photovoltaik\/solarmodule\/monokristalline-module<\/a>, accessed: 3\/26\/2022 at 2 p.m.<\/p>\n<p>Wikipedia, Solarzelle:<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/de.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Solarzelle#Einteilung\">https:\/\/de.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Solarzelle#Einteilung<\/a>, accessed: 3\/28\/2022 at 9 a.m.<\/p>","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Depending on the Semiconductor material, material thickness or crystal structure, different types of solar cells can be distinguished. The most common are thick-film solar cells, in which the main material is silicon. Silicon is a common raw material present in various chemical compounds, mainly in silicate minerals, sand, and quartz. The extraction of pure silicon [&hellip;]<\/p>","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":1796,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[26],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-1795","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-news"],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO plugin v24.0 - https:\/\/yoast.com\/wordpress\/plugins\/seo\/ -->\n<title>How are solar cells manufactured? - Solar Schools<\/title>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/solar-schools.org\/de\/how-are-solar-cells-manufactured\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"de_DE\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"How are solar cells manufactured? - Solar Schools\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:description\" content=\"Depending on the Semiconductor material, material thickness or crystal structure, different types of solar cells can be distinguished. The most common are thick-film solar cells, in which the main material is silicon. Silicon is a common raw material present in various chemical compounds, mainly in silicate minerals, sand, and quartz. The extraction of pure silicon [&hellip;]\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:url\" content=\"https:\/\/solar-schools.org\/de\/how-are-solar-cells-manufactured\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:site_name\" content=\"Solar Schools\" \/>\n<meta property=\"article:published_time\" content=\"2022-09-08T18:54:07+00:00\" \/>\n<meta property=\"article:modified_time\" content=\"2025-02-19T13:26:58+00:00\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:image\" content=\"https:\/\/solar-schools.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/01\/056af564b277e55d06b2e73053b379d6.jpg\" \/>\n\t<meta property=\"og:image:width\" content=\"1920\" \/>\n\t<meta property=\"og:image:height\" content=\"1280\" \/>\n\t<meta property=\"og:image:type\" content=\"image\/jpeg\" \/>\n<meta name=\"author\" content=\"ShrotDesignAdmin\" \/>\n<meta name=\"twitter:card\" content=\"summary_large_image\" \/>\n<meta name=\"twitter:label1\" content=\"Written by\" \/>\n\t<meta name=\"twitter:data1\" content=\"ShrotDesignAdmin\" \/>\n\t<meta name=\"twitter:label2\" content=\"Est. reading time\" \/>\n\t<meta name=\"twitter:data2\" content=\"4\u00a0Minuten\" \/>\n<script type=\"application\/ld+json\" class=\"yoast-schema-graph\">{\"@context\":\"https:\/\/schema.org\",\"@graph\":[{\"@type\":\"Article\",\"@id\":\"https:\/\/solar-schools.org\/how-are-solar-cells-manufactured\/#article\",\"isPartOf\":{\"@id\":\"https:\/\/solar-schools.org\/how-are-solar-cells-manufactured\/\"},\"author\":{\"name\":\"ShrotDesignAdmin\",\"@id\":\"https:\/\/solar-schools.org\/#\/schema\/person\/e5de629dc5e9ae65101bec8796fd234b\"},\"headline\":\"How are solar cells manufactured?\",\"datePublished\":\"2022-09-08T18:54:07+00:00\",\"dateModified\":\"2025-02-19T13:26:58+00:00\",\"mainEntityOfPage\":{\"@id\":\"https:\/\/solar-schools.org\/how-are-solar-cells-manufactured\/\"},\"wordCount\":541,\"commentCount\":0,\"publisher\":{\"@id\":\"https:\/\/solar-schools.org\/#organization\"},\"image\":{\"@id\":\"https:\/\/solar-schools.org\/how-are-solar-cells-manufactured\/#primaryimage\"},\"thumbnailUrl\":\"https:\/\/solar-schools.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/01\/056af564b277e55d06b2e73053b379d6.jpg\",\"articleSection\":[\"news\"],\"inLanguage\":\"de\",\"potentialAction\":[{\"@type\":\"CommentAction\",\"name\":\"Comment\",\"target\":[\"https:\/\/solar-schools.org\/how-are-solar-cells-manufactured\/#respond\"]}]},{\"@type\":\"WebPage\",\"@id\":\"https:\/\/solar-schools.org\/how-are-solar-cells-manufactured\/\",\"url\":\"https:\/\/solar-schools.org\/how-are-solar-cells-manufactured\/\",\"name\":\"How are solar cells manufactured? - Solar Schools\",\"isPartOf\":{\"@id\":\"https:\/\/solar-schools.org\/#website\"},\"primaryImageOfPage\":{\"@id\":\"https:\/\/solar-schools.org\/how-are-solar-cells-manufactured\/#primaryimage\"},\"image\":{\"@id\":\"https:\/\/solar-schools.org\/how-are-solar-cells-manufactured\/#primaryimage\"},\"thumbnailUrl\":\"https:\/\/solar-schools.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/01\/056af564b277e55d06b2e73053b379d6.jpg\",\"datePublished\":\"2022-09-08T18:54:07+00:00\",\"dateModified\":\"2025-02-19T13:26:58+00:00\",\"breadcrumb\":{\"@id\":\"https:\/\/solar-schools.org\/how-are-solar-cells-manufactured\/#breadcrumb\"},\"inLanguage\":\"de\",\"potentialAction\":[{\"@type\":\"ReadAction\",\"target\":[\"https:\/\/solar-schools.org\/how-are-solar-cells-manufactured\/\"]}]},{\"@type\":\"ImageObject\",\"inLanguage\":\"de\",\"@id\":\"https:\/\/solar-schools.org\/how-are-solar-cells-manufactured\/#primaryimage\",\"url\":\"https:\/\/solar-schools.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/01\/056af564b277e55d06b2e73053b379d6.jpg\",\"contentUrl\":\"https:\/\/solar-schools.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/01\/056af564b277e55d06b2e73053b379d6.jpg\",\"width\":1920,\"height\":1280},{\"@type\":\"BreadcrumbList\",\"@id\":\"https:\/\/solar-schools.org\/how-are-solar-cells-manufactured\/#breadcrumb\",\"itemListElement\":[{\"@type\":\"ListItem\",\"position\":1,\"name\":\"Home\",\"item\":\"https:\/\/solar-schools.org\/\"},{\"@type\":\"ListItem\",\"position\":2,\"name\":\"How are solar cells manufactured?\"}]},{\"@type\":\"WebSite\",\"@id\":\"https:\/\/solar-schools.org\/#website\",\"url\":\"https:\/\/solar-schools.org\/\",\"name\":\"Solar Universities\",\"description\":\"\",\"publisher\":{\"@id\":\"https:\/\/solar-schools.org\/#organization\"},\"potentialAction\":[{\"@type\":\"SearchAction\",\"target\":{\"@type\":\"EntryPoint\",\"urlTemplate\":\"https:\/\/solar-schools.org\/?s={search_term_string}\"},\"query-input\":{\"@type\":\"PropertyValueSpecification\",\"valueRequired\":true,\"valueName\":\"search_term_string\"}}],\"inLanguage\":\"de\"},{\"@type\":\"Organization\",\"@id\":\"https:\/\/solar-schools.org\/#organization\",\"name\":\"Solar Universities\",\"url\":\"https:\/\/solar-schools.org\/\",\"logo\":{\"@type\":\"ImageObject\",\"inLanguage\":\"de\",\"@id\":\"https:\/\/solar-schools.org\/#\/schema\/logo\/image\/\",\"url\":\"https:\/\/solar-schools.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/01\/solarschools.png\",\"contentUrl\":\"https:\/\/solar-schools.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/01\/solarschools.png\",\"width\":303,\"height\":184,\"caption\":\"Solar Universities\"},\"image\":{\"@id\":\"https:\/\/solar-schools.org\/#\/schema\/logo\/image\/\"}},{\"@type\":\"Person\",\"@id\":\"https:\/\/solar-schools.org\/#\/schema\/person\/e5de629dc5e9ae65101bec8796fd234b\",\"name\":\"ShrotDesignAdmin\",\"image\":{\"@type\":\"ImageObject\",\"inLanguage\":\"de\",\"@id\":\"https:\/\/solar-schools.org\/#\/schema\/person\/image\/\",\"url\":\"https:\/\/secure.gravatar.com\/avatar\/2abcd5dc9e18d80eb6d272ec2f7b62125190b84708e7bdd603feda48389ef034?s=96&d=mm&r=g\",\"contentUrl\":\"https:\/\/secure.gravatar.com\/avatar\/2abcd5dc9e18d80eb6d272ec2f7b62125190b84708e7bdd603feda48389ef034?s=96&d=mm&r=g\",\"caption\":\"ShrotDesignAdmin\"},\"sameAs\":[\"https:\/\/solar-schools.org\"],\"url\":\"https:\/\/solar-schools.org\/de\/author\/shrotdesignadmin\/\"}]}<\/script>\n<!-- \/ Yoast SEO plugin. -->","yoast_head_json":{"title":"How are solar cells manufactured? - Solar Schools","robots":{"index":"index","follow":"follow","max-snippet":"max-snippet:-1","max-image-preview":"max-image-preview:large","max-video-preview":"max-video-preview:-1"},"canonical":"https:\/\/solar-schools.org\/de\/how-are-solar-cells-manufactured\/","og_locale":"de_DE","og_type":"article","og_title":"How are solar cells manufactured? - Solar Schools","og_description":"Depending on the Semiconductor material, material thickness or crystal structure, different types of solar cells can be distinguished. The most common are thick-film solar cells, in which the main material is silicon. Silicon is a common raw material present in various chemical compounds, mainly in silicate minerals, sand, and quartz. The extraction of pure silicon [&hellip;]","og_url":"https:\/\/solar-schools.org\/de\/how-are-solar-cells-manufactured\/","og_site_name":"Solar Schools","article_published_time":"2022-09-08T18:54:07+00:00","article_modified_time":"2025-02-19T13:26:58+00:00","og_image":[{"width":1920,"height":1280,"url":"https:\/\/solar-schools.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/01\/056af564b277e55d06b2e73053b379d6.jpg","type":"image\/jpeg"}],"author":"ShrotDesignAdmin","twitter_card":"summary_large_image","twitter_misc":{"Written by":"ShrotDesignAdmin","Est. reading time":"4\u00a0Minuten"},"schema":{"@context":"https:\/\/schema.org","@graph":[{"@type":"Article","@id":"https:\/\/solar-schools.org\/how-are-solar-cells-manufactured\/#article","isPartOf":{"@id":"https:\/\/solar-schools.org\/how-are-solar-cells-manufactured\/"},"author":{"name":"ShrotDesignAdmin","@id":"https:\/\/solar-schools.org\/#\/schema\/person\/e5de629dc5e9ae65101bec8796fd234b"},"headline":"How are solar cells manufactured?","datePublished":"2022-09-08T18:54:07+00:00","dateModified":"2025-02-19T13:26:58+00:00","mainEntityOfPage":{"@id":"https:\/\/solar-schools.org\/how-are-solar-cells-manufactured\/"},"wordCount":541,"commentCount":0,"publisher":{"@id":"https:\/\/solar-schools.org\/#organization"},"image":{"@id":"https:\/\/solar-schools.org\/how-are-solar-cells-manufactured\/#primaryimage"},"thumbnailUrl":"https:\/\/solar-schools.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/01\/056af564b277e55d06b2e73053b379d6.jpg","articleSection":["news"],"inLanguage":"de","potentialAction":[{"@type":"CommentAction","name":"Comment","target":["https:\/\/solar-schools.org\/how-are-solar-cells-manufactured\/#respond"]}]},{"@type":"WebPage","@id":"https:\/\/solar-schools.org\/how-are-solar-cells-manufactured\/","url":"https:\/\/solar-schools.org\/how-are-solar-cells-manufactured\/","name":"How are solar cells manufactured? - Solar Schools","isPartOf":{"@id":"https:\/\/solar-schools.org\/#website"},"primaryImageOfPage":{"@id":"https:\/\/solar-schools.org\/how-are-solar-cells-manufactured\/#primaryimage"},"image":{"@id":"https:\/\/solar-schools.org\/how-are-solar-cells-manufactured\/#primaryimage"},"thumbnailUrl":"https:\/\/solar-schools.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/01\/056af564b277e55d06b2e73053b379d6.jpg","datePublished":"2022-09-08T18:54:07+00:00","dateModified":"2025-02-19T13:26:58+00:00","breadcrumb":{"@id":"https:\/\/solar-schools.org\/how-are-solar-cells-manufactured\/#breadcrumb"},"inLanguage":"de","potentialAction":[{"@type":"ReadAction","target":["https:\/\/solar-schools.org\/how-are-solar-cells-manufactured\/"]}]},{"@type":"ImageObject","inLanguage":"de","@id":"https:\/\/solar-schools.org\/how-are-solar-cells-manufactured\/#primaryimage","url":"https:\/\/solar-schools.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/01\/056af564b277e55d06b2e73053b379d6.jpg","contentUrl":"https:\/\/solar-schools.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/01\/056af564b277e55d06b2e73053b379d6.jpg","width":1920,"height":1280},{"@type":"BreadcrumbList","@id":"https:\/\/solar-schools.org\/how-are-solar-cells-manufactured\/#breadcrumb","itemListElement":[{"@type":"ListItem","position":1,"name":"Home","item":"https:\/\/solar-schools.org\/"},{"@type":"ListItem","position":2,"name":"How are solar cells manufactured?"}]},{"@type":"WebSite","@id":"https:\/\/solar-schools.org\/#website","url":"https:\/\/solar-schools.org\/","name":"Solar Universities","description":"","publisher":{"@id":"https:\/\/solar-schools.org\/#organization"},"potentialAction":[{"@type":"SearchAction","target":{"@type":"EntryPoint","urlTemplate":"https:\/\/solar-schools.org\/?s={search_term_string}"},"query-input":{"@type":"PropertyValueSpecification","valueRequired":true,"valueName":"search_term_string"}}],"inLanguage":"de"},{"@type":"Organization","@id":"https:\/\/solar-schools.org\/#organization","name":"Solar Universities","url":"https:\/\/solar-schools.org\/","logo":{"@type":"ImageObject","inLanguage":"de","@id":"https:\/\/solar-schools.org\/#\/schema\/logo\/image\/","url":"https:\/\/solar-schools.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/01\/solarschools.png","contentUrl":"https:\/\/solar-schools.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/01\/solarschools.png","width":303,"height":184,"caption":"Solar Universities"},"image":{"@id":"https:\/\/solar-schools.org\/#\/schema\/logo\/image\/"}},{"@type":"Person","@id":"https:\/\/solar-schools.org\/#\/schema\/person\/e5de629dc5e9ae65101bec8796fd234b","name":"ShrotDesignAdmin","image":{"@type":"ImageObject","inLanguage":"de","@id":"https:\/\/solar-schools.org\/#\/schema\/person\/image\/","url":"https:\/\/secure.gravatar.com\/avatar\/2abcd5dc9e18d80eb6d272ec2f7b62125190b84708e7bdd603feda48389ef034?s=96&d=mm&r=g","contentUrl":"https:\/\/secure.gravatar.com\/avatar\/2abcd5dc9e18d80eb6d272ec2f7b62125190b84708e7bdd603feda48389ef034?s=96&d=mm&r=g","caption":"ShrotDesignAdmin"},"sameAs":["https:\/\/solar-schools.org"],"url":"https:\/\/solar-schools.org\/de\/author\/shrotdesignadmin\/"}]}},"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/solar-schools.org\/de\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/1795","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/solar-schools.org\/de\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/solar-schools.org\/de\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/solar-schools.org\/de\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/solar-schools.org\/de\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=1795"}],"version-history":[{"count":1,"href":"https:\/\/solar-schools.org\/de\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/1795\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":2556,"href":"https:\/\/solar-schools.org\/de\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/1795\/revisions\/2556"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/solar-schools.org\/de\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/1796"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/solar-schools.org\/de\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=1795"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/solar-schools.org\/de\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=1795"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/solar-schools.org\/de\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=1795"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}